Anesthesia

Stephanie and I did some research on anesthesia.  We found a lot of interesting information and answered a lot of unknown questions...Please view our slide show and take the quiz after to see what you've learned! . . . .






QUIZ:

Anesthesia Quiz

Leech Nuerophysiology Lab

Purpose:  The purpose of this lab is to record the electrical activity found in the neurons of the leech and to identify which neurons respond to certain stimuli.
Hypothesis:  Considering the leeches nervous system.  the electrical activity would be easy to identify in the ganglia because they are so large and serve the same purpose.
Materials:  Leech tank, dissection tray, 20% ethanol, dissecting microscope, micro manipulator, probe, forceps, scissors, dissection pins, leech tongs, Oscilloscope   
Procedure:  1. Anesthetize and dissect the leech 2. remove leech innards and observe ganglion 3. cut our the ganglion window 4. isolate one ganglion 5. cut the ganglion sinus 6. probe and identify ganglion sensory cells
Results and Conlusion: There was five cells found with different stimuli.  Basically, one ganglia contains many cells which contribute to the whole nervous system.  

Food Lab

Over the past week, our anatomy class performed an experiment to test the electrical potential produced when chewing different foods.  Above is a slide show, showing our process, hypothesis, results, ect.  Although we did not meet our hypothesis, I still enjoyed the lab and would like to do further testing to prove our last theory.  : ) enjoy.

Bone Fractures!!!

So usually when we brake a bone we all panic.  What we don't realize is that some brakes are more sever than others.  There are many different types of brakes, that I will further explain.

First off is the non-displaced fracture.  This is where the bone ends retain their normal position. 

Displaced fracture- bone ends are out of normal alignment

Complete fracture- bone is all the way through

Incomplete- bone is not broken all the way through

Linear fracture- the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone

Transverse fracture- fracture is perpendicular to the long-axis of the bone

compound (open)- bone ends penetrate the skin

Simple Fracture- Bone ends do not penetrate the skin

Comminuted fracture- bone fragments in three or more pieces; common in elders

Spiral fracture- ragged brake when bone is excessively twisted; very common sports fracture

Depression fracture: broken bone portion pressed inward; typical skull fracture

Compression Fracture-bone is completely crushed

 

 

 

Epiphyseal: epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line;

occurs where cartilage cells are dying

 

Above are a brief description and a picture of the different types of fractures.  I would have to say that personally, I think the open fracture is the most nasty.  I have been very fortunate and have only broken my index finger throughout my 18 years of life.  Although, it was probably considered and "open fracture", it wasn't nearly as severe are the one picture above. YUCKKKKK! It is really interesting to me to see all these different pictures and learn about our bone and the types of things that can happen to them. 

The Bionic Body

http://www.pbs.org/saf/1107/features/body.htm

Above is a link to an article on some tissue engineering that has been going on recently.   Many engineers have come together to perform some experiments that would contribute to the present and future in many positive ways.  This experiment would be, of course, tissue engineering.  This would aid patients with sever burn, ulcers, and other serious skin disorders.  In the near future scientists want to be to the point where they are able to have lab-grown cartilage and bone.  This would benefit people with arthritis.  They would also be able to produce cardiac valves, muscle tissue and blood vessels, helping many people with cardiovascular diseases.  This would be really helpful to the human population because most list threatening diseases can be cured if they were able to produce a new version of the tissue that is being infected.  In order for them to become successful in doing this, they would have to mimic the environment in which cells grow naturally.  This sounds like it would be easy, but it is the first step in the process and isn't an easy step to accomplish.  They then have to find materials to serve as scaffolding so that the cells can be seeded.  Why do they need scaffolds?  Scaffolds provide the cells better access to nutrients and waste removal.  Scaffolding allows the tissue to be put into any shape or size that it needed, which can become very helpful when doing this.  To test this the scientists grew a human ear on a specially bred mouse.  They were successful when doing this. Also, the bioreactor was designed which cultivates cartilage, allowing the cells to grow more developed.  

When I first read this article, I almost didn't want to believe that this was actually happening.  It seems too unrealistic and complicated for anyone to be successful at something so complex.  I find it truly amazing to know that I am lucky enough to be alive when technology and science has had such a huge growth spurt.  I really hope that this starts coming into effect and starts being used on people who truly need it.  It would save so many lives and people would no longer have to feel so desperate for good health when they know that there life is at risk!


How does tissue engineering happen?

Epithelial Tissue

There are 8 different types of epithelial tissue.  The first is simple squamous epithelial.

   

Characteristics: single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm

Functions: diffusion and filtration and provide a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic and cardiovascular systems

Examples:present in the kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and serosae

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Charcteristics: single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei

Examples:present in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, and ovary surface

Function:Secretion and absorbtion

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Characteristics:single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei: many contain cilia

Goblet cells are often found in this area

Examples: ciliated type line small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus


Psuedostratified Columnar

Characteristics: single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free suface and nuclei are seen at different layers

Examples: present in the male sperm-carrying ducts (nonciliated) and trachea (ciliated)

Stratified Squamous 

Characteristics: thick membrande composed of several layers of cells

Examples:-forms the external part of the skin's epidermis (kertinized cells) and linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina (nonkeratinized cells)

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Characteristics: Very rarely found, two layers thick

Examples: found in sweat and mammary glands

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Characteristics: limited distribution in the body

Examples:-found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts

     -also occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia

Transitional Epithelium

Characteristics: several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal, surface cells are dome shaped

Examples: lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra

A slide show of the different anatomy tissues :)

Below is a slide show of pictures that were taken during the lab.